Thorsten+Daniel

**__//Factors influencing tourism//__**
A natural disaster is a natural change in the earth's surface or the atmosphere that has devastating effects on humans and animals and their environment. Examples are: avalanches, earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, wildfires and hurricanes. If, however, humans are the causers of a natural disaster, it is called an environment disaster. The reasons for natural disasters could be amongst others the global growth of population, the concentration of population and values in large city areas.
 * __Natural disasters__** **//(1 Min. / 2 slides)//**

Hurricane Katrina was the costliest and one of the five deadliest hurricanes in the history of the USA. It took place in August 2005 during the Atlantic hurricane season and was responsible for the devastation of big parts of the north-central Gulf Coast. The most severe loss of life and property damage occurred in New Orleans, Louisiana. The federal flood protection system failed and almost every levee in New Orleans burst as Katrina passed over the city. The Hurricane was responsible for 1,836 fatalities and a damage valued at $81.2 bn.
 * __Hurricane “Katrina“__** **//(1 Min. / 2 slides)//**

The September 11, 2001 attacks were a series of suicide attacks on civilian and military buildings in the United States, which were planned, coordinated and implemented by the Islamic terror network al-Qaida. The assassins kidnapped four airplanes on inland flights, steered two of it into the towers of the World Trade Center in New York and one into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia. The fourth airplane with an unknown goal fell after fights between assassins, crew and passengers in the proximity of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Altogether 3,003 humans died through the attacks.
 * __9/11__** **//(1 Min. / 2 slides)//**

After the 9/11 terrorist attacks the US government set up many new security measures – new public authorities as well as legislation. Here are some examples:
 * __State legislation__** **//(5 Min. / 6 slides)//**


 * USA PATRIOT Act**, the acronym stands for: **U**niting and **S**trengthening **A**merica by **P**roviding **A**ppropriate **T**ools **R**equired to **I**ntercept and **O**bstruct **T**errorism Act. The Act was a direct reaction to the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. It limits the American citizen rights to a greater extent and has effects for USA travelers, because, amongst other things, the requirements for visas were increased.


 * United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS)** is a Cabinet department of the US Federal Government with responsibility for protecting the territory of the United States from terrorist attacks and responding to natural disasters.


 * “3-1-1 for Carry-On”** is a legislation for hand baggage of air travelers. “3-1-1” means max. **3** ounce bottles; **1** quart-sized, clear, plastic, zip-top bag; **1** bag per passenger placed in screening bin.

Tourism in Hawaii has, contrary to the US mainland tourism, recovered from 9/11 and other international shocks and is enjoying robust growth. The current boom is explained partly by the differentiation of domestic and foreign travel. Due to the fact that tourism is a fragile industry in that demand for travel is highly susceptible to world events, such as wars, terrorism attacks and natural disasters, people do not want to be exposed to personal hazards if they travel. Personal safety is very important for most travelers. Therefore many US citizens remain in the own country and spend their holidays in Hawaii. This development has led to an improvement of Hawaii’s tourism.
 * __Hawaii case__** **//(3 Min. / 2 slides)//**


 * //__Sources__//**
 * [|www.wikipedia.org]
 * [|www.whitehouse.gov]
 * [|www.dhs.gov]
 * [|www.tsa.gov]
 * [|www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/ECONwp087.pdf]